Knowledge Repository

Lighting, camera and sun exposure vary more between photographs than skin does. What would count as evidence, and what the licensed analogue measured.

Nasal delivery of a cyclic heptapeptide is poorly characterised. Why the absorbed fraction is small, variable and impossible to state here.

Not evasion — there is no established human dose to publish. The compound is unauthorised, the MHRA has warned about it, and the reported harms are specific.

No controlled trial has measured a time course for MT-2. What melanin biology sets as a floor, and what the licensed analogue's data actually shows.

The receptor mechanism does not require UV, and the approved analogue proves pigmentation can rise without it. What that does and does not establish for MT-2.

MC1R does not control how much pigment is produced so much as which kind. Variants in it underlie red hair, and the receptor has consequences beyond colour.

Cyclisation, a D-amino acid and two capped termini make this among the most chemically stable peptides in the catalogue.

Case reports of atypical melanocytic naevi following injection, and a 2022 review of the risks. What the dermatology literature has documented.

Afamelanotide is linear, 13 residues, 1,646.8 Da and approved as Scenesse. Melanotan II is cyclic, 7 residues, 1024.2 Da and approved nowhere.

A cyclic heptapeptide at 1024.2 Da derived from alpha-MSH. What it is, how it differs from the approved Melanotan I, and what the safety literature reports.

BAC water is shorthand for bacteriostatic water. The abbreviation, what it is and is not, and the other names the same product appears under.

Peptides are not one legal category. Most are not controlled drugs, most are not licensed medicines, and supply for human use is where the law actually bites.

No. Peptides are amino acid chains; steroids are built on a four-ring carbon skeleton. Different structures, different receptors, different regulation.

Insulin is a peptide. So is a compound with no human data at all. Safety is a property of the specific molecule and the specific material, not of the category.

The compounds marketed for muscle growth work by different mechanisms, and most evidence measures hormones rather than muscle. What has actually been shown.

Unlike most peptides, BPC-157 was given orally in the original rodent work and still produced effects. What that does and does not establish for a capsule.

An informal name for combining two repair-studied peptides, after the comic character who heals fast. What the name promises and what the literature supports.

Not a controlled substance, and not a licensed medicine either. What that gap means, plus the FDA compounding decision and its prohibited status in sport.

Tendon, ligament, gut and vascular findings — almost entirely in rats. What has been demonstrated, in which species, and why no human timeline exists.

No controlled human safety study exists. What the rodent literature reports, the theoretical concern that follows from its own mechanism, and what nobody knows.